المساعد الشخصي الرقمي

مشاهدة النسخة كاملة : medical terminology



mohammad qasaimeh
05-30-2009, 04:15 AM
this topic will be specified for medical terminology in general

http://dms.dartmouth.edu/cfm/images/navigation/splash.jpg

mohammad qasaimeh
09-14-2009, 04:22 PM
the Pacemaker

Pacemaker: A system that sends electrical impulses to the heart in order to set the heart rhythm. The pacemaker can be the normal "natural" pacemaker of the heart or it can be an electronic device.
The natural pacemaker (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=19483) of the heart is the sinus node (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=8448), one of the major (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=8205) elements in the cardiac conduction system (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=8407), the system that controls the heart rate (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3674). This stunningly designed system generates electrical impulses and conducts them throughout the muscle (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4464) of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood.
The sinus node (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4572) consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2388) (the right upper chamber of the heart). The electrical impulses are generated there. The sinus node is also called the sinoatrial node (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5495) or, for short, the SA node (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5402).
The electrical signal generated by the sinus node moves from cell to cell down through the heart until it reaches the atrioventricular node (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2387) (AV node (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2407)), a cluster of cells situated in the center of the heart between the atria (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2382) and ventricles. The AV node serves as a gate that slows the electrical current before the signal is permitted to pass down through to the ventricles. This delay ensures that the atria have a chance to fully contract before the ventricles are stimulated. After passing the AV node, the electrical current travels to the ventricles along special fibers embedded in the walls of the lower part of the heart. Although there are different types of artificial pacemakers, all are designed to treat bradycardia (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2515), a heart rate that is too slow. Some pacemakers function continuously and stimulate the heart at a fixed rate or at an increased rate during exercise. A pacemaker (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=1947) can also be programmed to detect an overly long pause between heartbeats, and then stimulate the heart. For more information, see Artificial pacemaker (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=7475).

mohammad qasaimeh
09-15-2009, 05:03 PM
Graves disease ( صرعونا فيه بالاميونتي :eh_s(2): )

Graves disease: Generalized diffuse overactivity ("toxicity") of the entire thyroid gland (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5778) which becomes enlarged into a goiter (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3615). Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=391).

There are three components to Graves disease:

Hyperthyroidism (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=391) (the presence of too much thyroid hormone),
Ophthalmopathy (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4650) specifically involving exophthalmos (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3355) (protrusion of the eyeballs),
Dermopathy (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2961) with skin lesions.
The ophthalmopathy can cause sensitivity to light and a feeling of "sand in the eyes." With further protrusion of the eyes, double vision and vision loss may occur. The ophthalmopathy tends to worsen with smoking (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11299). The dermopathy of Graves disease is a rare, painless, reddish lumpy skin rash (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=1992) that of Graves disease is an autoimmune process. It is caused by thyroid-stimulating antibodies (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2277) which bind to and activate the thyrotropin (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5790) receptor (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5236) on thyroid cells.

Graves disease can run in families. The rate of concordance for Graves disease is about 20% among monozygotic (identical) twins, and the rate is much lower among dizygotic (nonidentical) twins, indicating that genes make only a moderate contribution to the susceptibility to Graves disease. No single gene (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3560) is known to cause the disease or to be necessary for its development. There are well-established associations with certain HLA (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3771) types. Linkage analysis (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4166) has identified gene loci on chromosomes (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2723) 14q31, 20q11.2, and Xq21 that are associated with susceptibility to Graves disease.
Factors that can trigger the onset of Graves disease include stress (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=488), smoking, radiation (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11946) to the neck, medications (such as interleukin-2 (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3994) and interferon-alpha), and infectious organisms such as viruses (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6000).
The diagnosis (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2979) of Graves disease is made by a characteristic thyroid scan (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=9486) (showing diffusely increase uptake), the characteristic triad of ophthalmopathy, dermopathy, and hyperthyroidism, or blood testing for TSI (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5859) (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=12077)) the level of which is abnormally high.
Current treatments for the hyperthyroidism of Graves disease consist of antithyroid drugs, radioactive (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11952) iodine (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4038), and surgery. There is regional variation in which of these measures tends to be used -- for example, radioactive iodine is favored in North America and antithyroid drugs nearly everywhere else. The surgery, subtotal thyroidectomy (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5783), is designed to remove the majority of the overactive thyroid gland. The disease is named for Robert Graves who in 1835 first identified the association of goiter, palpitations (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=437), and exophthalmos (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3355). Graves disease is also commonly known as diffuse toxic goiter.

mohammad qasaimeh
09-16-2009, 03:08 PM
Sphenopalatine neuralgia

Sphenopalatine neuralgia: A distinctive syndrome of headaches, better known today as cluster
headache. There are two main clinical patterns of cluster headache -- the episodic and the chronic:

Episodic: This is the most common pattern of cluster headache. It is characterized by 1-3 short attacks of pain around the eyes per day, with these attacks clustered over a stretch of 1-2 months followed by a pain-free remission, a breathing spell. The average length of remission is a year.
Chronic: Characterized by the absence of sustained periods of remission, chronic cluster headache may start with no past history of cluster headaches, or it may emerge several years after the patient has experienced an episodic pattern of cluster headaches.

The episodic and acute forms of cluster headache may transform into one another, so it seems most likely that they are merely different-appearing clinical patterns of one and the same disease.
Although the mechanisms underlying cluster headache and migraine may have a degree of commonality, cluster headache looks to be different and distinct as a disease from migraine. For example, propranolol (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=765) is effective for migraine but not cluster headache while lithium (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6178) benefits cluster headache syndrome but not migraine. Cluster headache has also gone by a bevy of other confusing names including ciliary neuralgia, erythroprosopalgia, histamine cephalalgia, migrainous neuralgia, Raeder's syndrome, and vidian neuralgia

mohammad qasaimeh
09-17-2009, 01:40 PM
Hematoma: An abnormal localized collection of blood in which the blood is usually clotted or partially clotted and is usually situated within an organ or a soft tissue (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5800) space, such as within a muscle.
A hematoma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=104680) is caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel. The break may be spontaneous, as in the case of an aneurysm (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=8708), or caused by trauma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=8171).
The treatment of a hematoma depends on its ******** and size. Treatment can involve draining the accumulated blood. A hematoma in or near the brain is particularly dangerous.

The word "hematoma" came into usage around 1850. It was devised from Greek roots -- hemat-, referring to the blood + -oma, from soma meaning body = a bloody body, or a collection of blood. The many different kinds of hematomas are defined by ******** and include:

epidural hematoma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11408),
extradural hematoma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11409),
intracerebral hematoma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11413),
intracranial hematoma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11410),
nasal septum hematoma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=13916),
subcutaneous hematoma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11411),
subdural hematoma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11412)

mohammad qasaimeh
09-18-2009, 03:48 PM
Stereotactic

Stereotactic: Stereotactic refers to precise positioning in three-dimensional space. For example, biopsies, surgery or radiation therapy (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=7782) can be done stereotactically.
In a stereotactic needle biopsy, the spot to be biopsied is located three-dimensionally, the information is entered into a computer, and the computer calculates the information and positions a needle to remove the biopsy sample.
In stereotactic surgery, a system of three-dimensional coordinates is used to locate the site to be operated on.
In stereotactic radiotherapy, a number of precisely aimed beams of ionizing radiation are aimed from diverse directions and meet at a specific point to deliver the radiation treatment to that point.

mohammad qasaimeh
09-19-2009, 05:33 PM
Hay fever

Hay fever: A seasonal allergy (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6748) to airborne particles characterized by itchy eyes, runny nose, nasal
congestion, sneezing, itchy throat, and excess mucus.
Hay fever (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=377) is a misnomer because it is not caused by hay and it does not produce a fever (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=361). It is also known as allergic rhinitis or pollinosis.

mohammad qasaimeh
09-20-2009, 05:01 PM
Tachycardia

Tachycardia: A rapid heart rate, usually defined as greater than 100 beats per minute. The tachycardias include sinus tachycardia (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=84544), paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=1928) (PAT), and ventricular tachycardia (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=84544).
Sinus tachycardia is due to rapid firing of a normal structure called the sinoatrial (sinus) node which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. Sinus tachycardia occurs in response to exercise (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=56640), exertion, excitement, pain, fever (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=361), excessive thyroid hormone (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=914), low blood oxygen (hypoxia), stimulant drugs (such as caffeine (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=82141) and amphetamines), etc.
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) consists of bouts of rapid, regular heart beating originating in the atrium (upper chamber of the heart). Often due to abnormalities in the AV node "relay station" that lead to rapid firing of electrical impulses from the atrium which bypass the AV node under certain conditions. These conditions include alcohol excess, stress (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=488), caffeine, overactive thyroid (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=391) or excessive thyroid hormone intake, and certain drugs. PAT is an example of an arrhythmia (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=42334) where the abnormality is in the electrical system of the heart, while the heart muscle and valves may be normal. Ventricular tachycardia is an abnormal heart rhythm (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=84544) that is rapid, regular and originates from an area of the ventricle, the lower chamber of the heart. Ventricular tachycardias are most commonly associated with heart attacks or scarring of the heart muscle from previous heart attacks (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=379) and are life-threatening.

mohammad qasaimeh
09-23-2009, 06:55 PM
Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation: Overbreathing. This can cause dizziness (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=8004), lightheadedness (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6109), weakness, shortness of breath, a sense of unsteadiness, muscle spasms in the hands and feet, and tingling around the mouth and fingertips. All of these symptoms are the result of abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=20132) in the blood caused by overbreathing.
Hyperventilation is often due to anxiety (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=9947) or panic (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=21285). Other less common causes include stimulant use; excessive use of aspirin; pulmonary disease such as asthma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=284), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=1976) (COPD (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=7786)), and pulmonary embolism (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=13918); infection such as pneumonia (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=450) or sepsis (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=97492); heart disease (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=31193) such as congestive heart failure (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3672) or heart attack (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=379); pain; and ketoacidosis (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4102) when diabetes (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11148) is out of control.
Reassurance can help relax breathing. Breathing in and out of a paper bag (to increase the level of carbon dioxide in the blood) is no longer recommended (because the level of carbon dioxide can rise too high). The opposite of hyperventilation is hypoventilation (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=32266) (underventilation (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=32267)).

mohammad qasaimeh
09-24-2009, 03:36 PM
Lumpectomy

Lumpectomy: The surgical removal of a small tumor (a lump) which may or may not be benign (or malignant). Lumpectomy has come to refer specially to the removal of a lump from the breast (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=9871). The word "lumpectomy" is a hybrid term. "Lump" is of Middle English origin while "-ectomy" comes from two Greek roots "ek" (out) + "tome" (a cutting) = a cutting of. So a lumpectomy is literally "a cutting out of a lump."
A lumpectomy is as opposed to a mastectomy in which the breast (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=9871) is removed. It is a more conservative approach to breast tumor surgery.

mohammad qasaimeh
09-25-2009, 03:21 PM
Ketone

Ketone: A chemical substances that the body makes when it does not have enough insulin (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3989) in the blood (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2483). When ketones build up in the body for a long time, serious illness or coma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2803) can result

mohammad qasaimeh
09-26-2009, 03:49 PM
Vaccination

Vaccination: Injection of a killed microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, thereby preventing disease. Vaccinations, or immunizations (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=394), work by stimulating the immune system, the natural disease-fighting system of the body. The healthy immune system is able to recognize invading bacteria and viruses and produce substances (antibodies) to destroy or disable them. Immunizations prepare the immune system to ward off a disease. To immunize against viral diseases, the virus used in the vaccine has been weakened or killed. To only immunize against bacterial diseases, it is generally possible to use a small portion of the dead bacteria to stimulate the formation of antibodies against the whole bacteria. In addition to the initial immunization process, it has been found that the effectiveness of immunizations can be improved by periodic repeat injections or "boosters." Also see Vaccines (in the plural) and Vaccine of a specific type (such Vaccine, Polio).

mohammad qasaimeh
09-27-2009, 09:25 PM
In situ

In situ: In the normal ********. An "in situ" tumor is one that is confined to its site of origin and has not invaded neighboring tissue or gone elsewhere in the body.
For example, squamous cell carcinoma in situ is an early stage of skin cancer (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=478). It is a tumor that develops from the squamous cells which are flat, scalelike cells in the outer layer of the skin (the epithelium). The term "in situ" is borrowed from the Romans. It means "in the natural or normal place" and, in the case of cancer, it is good news. It indicates that the tumor cells are still where they originated. They have neither entered neighboring tissues nor have they ****stasized afar

mohammad qasaimeh
09-28-2009, 06:08 PM
Malaise

Malaise: A vague feeling of discomfort, one that cannot be pinned down but is often sensed as "just not right." Malaise comes straight from the French who compounded it from "mal" (bad or ill) + "aise" (ease) = ill at ease

mohammad qasaimeh
09-29-2009, 07:15 PM
Pancreatic beta cell

Pancreatic beta cell: A type of cell in the pancreas that makes insulin (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6098).
The pancreas is a fish-shaped organ that stretches across the back of the abdomen behind the stomach. Within the pancreas there are areas that are called the islets of Langerhans. The beta cells constitute the predominant type of cell in the islets. The beta cells are particularly important because they make insulin. Degeneration of the beta cells is the main cause of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=343).
http://images.medicinenet.com/images/ABPANCRE.GIF

mohammad qasaimeh
10-01-2009, 02:31 AM
Baby blues

Baby blues: A common temporary psychological state right after childbirth when a new mother may have sudden mood swings, feeling very happy, then very sad, cry for no apparent reason, feel impatient, unusually irritable, restless, anxious, lonely and sad. The baby blues may last only a few hours or as long as 1 to 2 weeks after delivery. The baby blues in this sense are less severe than a postpartum depression (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=342). The baby blues do not always require treatment from a health care provider. Often, joining a support group of new mothers or talking with other mothers helps. The term "baby blues" is sometimes used as a synonym for postpartum depression

mohammad qasaimeh
10-06-2009, 05:17 PM
(http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)Acetabular (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751) labrum


(http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)Acetabular (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751) labrum: A ring of fibrocartilage (fibrous (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)cartilage (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2644)) that runs around the (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)acetabulum (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2110) (cup) of the hip joint and increases its depth. The head of the (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)femur (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3407) (the bone in the (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)thigh (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=8759)) fits in the acetabulum. The labrum deepens this cavity and effectively increases the surface (and strength) of the hip joint.
Injuries to the acetabular labrum can occur from (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)chronic (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2728) (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)trauma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=8171) due to repetitive hip motion or from (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)acute (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2133) trauma as, for example, from a direct blow to the hip or a violent motion of the hip.
Signs and symptoms of a acetabular labrum injury include pain accompanying hip motion, occasional pain in the hip at night or during daily activities, decreased (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)range of motion (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5208) and loss of strength in the hip.
Treatment may include anti-inflammatory medication and rest. Exercises to strengthen the hip muscles may then be recommended. If these measures are not effective, (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)arthroscopic (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6857) (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)surgery (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5603) may be done. In medicine, a labrum is a ring of fibrocartilage around the edge of the articular (joint) surface of a bone. The Latin "labrum" means "lip." The term is used generally to designate a lip, edge, or brim. Plural, labra
(http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6751)

mohammad qasaimeh
10-07-2009, 07:19 PM
Stent

Stent: A tube designed to be inserted into a vessel or passageway to keep it open.
Stents are inserted into narrowed coronary arteries (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=7250) to help keep them open after balloon angioplasty (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2423). The stent then allows the normal flow of blood and oxygen to the heart.
Stents placed in narrowed carotid (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2640) arteries (the vessels in the front of the neck that supply blood to the brain) appear useful in treating patients at elevated risk for stroke (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=9791).
Stents are also used in other structures such as the esophagus (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3326) to treat a constriction, the ureters to maintain the drainage of urine from the kidneys, and the bile duct (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2804) to keep it open. Named after Charles R. Stent (1845-1901), an English dentist

mohammad qasaimeh
10-09-2009, 07:31 PM
Macrogenitosomia

Macrogenitosomia: Condition in which the external sex organs are prematurely enlarged or abnormally enlarged. In males, it is caused by an excess of the hormone androgen during fetal development. In females, the clitoris may be enlarged enough to resemble a small penis. Macrogenitosomia is associated with hormonal disorders, which may also create changes in the internal sex organs.

mohammad qasaimeh
10-11-2009, 05:06 PM
Eosinophil

Eosinophil: A type of leukocyte (white blood cell (http://al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=6017)) with coarse round granules of uniform size within its cytoplasm (http://al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2907) and typically a bilobate (two-lobed) nucleus (http://al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4597). Eosinophils are so named because their cytoplasmic granules stain red with the dye eosin. Eosinophils normally constitute 1 to 3% of the peripheral blood leukocytes (http://al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4145), at a count of 350 to 650 per cubic millimeter. Also called an eosinophilic leukocyte. The numbers of eosinophils in blood often rise above the normal range with allergic reactions (http://al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2201) and parasitic (http://al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11869) infections as with worms

mohammad qasaimeh
10-12-2009, 11:21 PM
Osteoblas

Osteoblast: A cell that makes bone. It does so by producing a matrix that then becomes mineralized. Bone mass is maintained by a balance between the activity of osteoblasts that form bone and other cells called osteoclasts that break it down

mohammad qasaimeh
10-16-2009, 06:35 PM
Central core disease of muscle

Central core disease of muscle: One of the conditions that produces 'floppy baby' syndrome. CCD causes hypotonia (floppiness) in the newborn baby, slowly progressive muscle weakness, and muscle cramps (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2024) after exercise. Muscle biopsy shows a key diagnostic finding (absent mitochondria in the center of many type I muscle fibers). CCD is inherited as a dominant trait. The CCD gene is on chromosome 19 (and involves ryanodine receptor-1).

mohammad qasaimeh
10-18-2009, 07:41 AM
Fever of Unknown Origin

Fever of Unknown Origin: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a fever (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3425) greater than 38.3°C (101 °F) that has occurred intermittently for over three weeks, for which no specific cause readily identified.
In 85 to 95% of cases, the specific cause for a fever of unknown origin can eventually be identified after extensive diagnostic testing. The causes of a fever of unknown origin that are eventually discovered typically fall into one of three categories: uncommon infections, cancers, and chronic inflammatory diseases (most commonly connective tissue (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2824) diseases or autoimmune (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=19102) diseases).

mohammad qasaimeh
10-21-2009, 05:06 PM
(http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2041)G6PD deficiency (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2041)

(http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2041)G6PD deficiency (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2041): Deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the most common enzyme defect of medical importance. About 10 percent of American black males have G6PD deficiency, as do a lesser percent of black females. G6PD deficiency is also increased in frequency in people of Mediterranean origin (including Italians, Greeks, Arabs, and Jews). The gene encoding G6PD is on the X chromosome. Males with this enzyme deficiency may develop (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2041)anemia (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2015) due to the breakup of their red blood cells when they are exposed to oxidant drugs, naphthalene moth balls, or fava beans. The offending drugs include the antimalarial primaquine, salicylates, sulfonamide antibiotics, nitrofurans, phenacetin, and some vitamin K derivatives. Fever, viral and bacterial infections, and diabetic acidosis can also precipitate a hemolytic crisis (when the red blood cells break up), resulting in anemia and (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2041)jaundice (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=1899). The concentration of G6PD deficiency in certain populations is believed to reflect a protective effect it afforded (much like sickle cell trait) against (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2041)malaria (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=409).
(http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2041)

mohammad qasaimeh
10-23-2009, 02:34 AM
Nephron

Nephron: A key unit, both anatomically and functionally, of the kidney

mohammad qasaimeh
10-25-2009, 04:03 AM
Palmitate

Palmitate: An antioxidant (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=11291) and a vitamin A (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=8661) compound that is added to low-fat and fat-free milk to replace the vitamin content lost through the removal of milk fat. Palmitate (more formally known as retinyl palmitate) contains palmitic acid, a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=15385), which is the major fatty acid found in palm oil. The palmitic acid is attached to the alcohol form of vitamin A, called retinol (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?ArticleKey=8670), to make vitamin A stable in milk. The name "palmitate" comes from the French "palmitique" from palmite, the pith of the palm tree.

شذى البنفسج
10-28-2009, 06:45 PM
مشكور د. حمود عالمجهود ..

mohammad qasaimeh
11-01-2009, 02:25 PM
العفو شذى

mohammad qasaimeh
11-01-2009, 02:26 PM
Stereotactic surgery

Stereotactic surgery: Surgery in which a system of three- dimensional coordinates is used to locate the site to be operated on. Stereotactic (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=9322) surgery is used in neurosurgery (and neurological (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=11748) research) for locating points within the brain. This is usually done by using an external, three-dimensional frame of reference ****d on the Cartesian coordinate system. A stereotactic needle biopsy (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=9323) is a biopsy in which the spot to be biopsied is located three-dimensionally, the information is entered into a computer, and the computer calculates the information and positions a needle to remove the biopsy sample

mohammad qasaimeh
11-05-2009, 09:27 PM
Knock-knees

Knock-knees: An abnormal curve of the legs that causes the knees to touch or nearly touch while the feet are apart. The problem may arise in the bone structure itself, or in some cases it develops gradually as a result of muscle abnormalities. Knock- knees can cause movement difficulties, muscle and bone strain, and pain from overstress on the ankles. The condition can be helped via physical therapy, and in some cases corrected with surgery. Also called genu valgum



http://optimumsportsperformance.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/valgumvarum.jpg

mohammad qasaimeh
11-21-2009, 11:26 PM
Medical Student's Disease:bl (32):

Medical student's disease is a form of nosophobia (http://www.al79n.com/od/glossary/g/nosophobiadef.htm) (fear of having a disease). It is named for medical students, who have a tendency to temporarily develop the symptoms of each new disease that they study.

خمقاني
12-17-2009, 03:30 PM
موفق بإذن الله ... لك مني أجمل تحية .

Ammar Qasaimeh
12-17-2009, 03:49 PM
Medical Student's Disease:bl (32):

Medical student's disease is a form of nosophobia (http://www.al79n.com/od/glossary/g/nosophobiadef.htm) (fear of having a disease). It is named for medical students, who have a tendency to temporarily develop the symptoms of each new disease that they study.

:SnipeR (99):

mohammad qasaimeh
12-17-2009, 04:28 PM
:SnipeR (99):


صارت معي لما درست الGIT :SnipeR (67):

mohammad qasaimeh
12-18-2009, 11:32 AM
Testosterone

Testosterone: A "male hormone" -- a sex hormone produced by the testes that encourages the development of male sexual characteristics, stimulates the activity of the male secondary sex characteristics, and prevents changes in them following castration. Chemically, testosterone is 17-beta-hydroxy-4-androstene-3-one.
Testosterone is the most potent of the naturally occurring androgens. The androgens cause the development of male sex characteristics, such as a deep voice and a beard; they also strengthen muscle tone and bone mass.
High levels of testosterone appear to promote good health in men, for example, lowering the risks of high blood pressure (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=378) and heart attack. High testosterone levels also correlate with risky behavior, however, including increased aggressiveness and smoking (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=479), which may cancel out these health benefits. Testosterone may be given to treat medical conditions, including female (but not male) breast cancer (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=298), hypogonadism (low gonadal function) in the male, cryptorchism (nondescent of the testis into the scrotum), and menorrhagia (irregular periods).

mohammad qasaimeh
01-05-2010, 04:25 AM
Protein kinase A

Protein kinase A: An enzyme system that is activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and that catalyzes the activity of intracellular proteins. There are two isozymes of protein kinase A, type I and type II. Also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase

mohammad qasaimeh
01-06-2010, 05:23 PM
Thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone: A chemical substance made by the thyroid gland (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5778) for export into the bloodstream. The thyroid gland needs iodine (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4038) to make thyroid hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5791) (T4) and triiodothyronine (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5851) (T3).

The thyroid gland is located in front of the neck just in front of the trachea.
http://images.medicinenet.com/images/illustrations/thyroid_gland.gif


Common Misspellings: thyriod hormone, athyroid hormone, throid hormone

mohammad qasaimeh
01-09-2010, 03:38 PM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJbnbpEkVFM
:SnipeR (99):

dermofucin
01-19-2010, 04:00 AM
thanks

mohammad qasaimeh
02-09-2010, 07:01 AM
Deep vein thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis: A blood clot (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=22122) (thrombus (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5773)) in a deep vein (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5970) in the thigh or leg. The clot can break off as an embolus (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3224) and make its way to the lung, where it can cause respiratory distress and respiratory failure (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=10698). Deep vein thrombosis (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=25023) is sometimes called the "economy-class syndrome." Even in young, healthy travelers, long stretches of time spent immobilized in the cramped seat of an aircraft with very low humidity sets the stage for formation of a blood clot in the leg. Abbreviated as DVT (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=12597)

mohammad qasaimeh
02-12-2010, 05:56 AM
E. coli

E. coli: Short for Escherichia coli, the colon bacillus (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=10960), a bacterium that normally resides in the human colon. E. coli has been studied intensively in genetics and molecular and cell biology because of its availability, its small genome (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=3580) size, its normal lack of pathogenicity (disease-causing ability), and its ease of growth in the laboratory.
Most strains of E coli are quite harmless. However, some strains of E. coli are capable of causing disease, sometimes disease of deadly proportions. For example, an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 bacteria in the water supply hit Walkerton, Ontario in the year 2000; the E. coli affected about 2,000 people in and around Walkerton and were responsible for the deaths of some 18 people.
E. coli 0157:H7 is a major health problem. About 20,000 cases of hemorrhagic (bloody) colitis (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=98348) (inflammation of the bowel) due to E. coli 0157:H7 (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2039) occur each year in the U.S. E coli O157:H7 produces toxins (poisons). The toxins produced by E. coli 0157:H7 can damage the lining of the intestine and are thought to participate in all of the diseases caused by E. coli 0157:H7.
The hemorrhagic diarrhea (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=1900) (bloody colitis) caused by E. coli 0157:H7 is severe with painful abdominal cramps, gross blood in the stool (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5564), and lasts for 6 to 8 days. Children with E. coli 0157:H7 can develop a disease called the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a major and sometimes fatal "Hemolytic" refers to the breakup of red blood cells (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=5260). This leads to anemia (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=2015) and a shortage of platelets (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=4941) (thrombocytopenia (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=100173)) which causes abnormal bleeding. "Uremic" refers to the acute kidney failure (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=10419). Central nervous system problems with seizures and coma (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=85386) can also occur. HUS is the most common cause of acute kidney failure in infants and young children.

Persons who get E. coli 0157:H7, particularly the elderly, can develop a syndrome similar to HUS called thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) with anemia due to fragmentation of red blood cells, shortage of platelets (thrombocytopenia) with easy bruising (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=24714), neurologic abnormalities, impaired kidney function, and fever (http://www.al79n.com/******/main/art.asp?articlekey=361). Most commonly, E. coli 01257:H7 comes from eating raw or under*****d ground beef (hamburger) or from drinking raw milk or contaminated water. Less commonly, E coli O157:H7 can be transmitted from one person to another.

mohammad qasaimeh
03-02-2010, 08:43 PM
<H1 id=firstHeading class=firstHeading>Choroid plexus


The choroid plexus (from Latin (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Latin): chorion - delicate, plexus knot) is the area on the ventricles (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Ventricle_(brain)) of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid) (CSF) is produced by modified ependymal cells (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Ependymal_cells)

Choroid plexus is present in all components of the ventricular system (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Ventricular_system) except for the cerebral aqueduct (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct) and the occipital and frontal horns of the lateral ventricles.
It is found in the superior part of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Lateral_ventricle). It follows up along this boundary, continuous with the inferior of the body of the lateral ventricles. It passes into the interventricular foramen (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Interventricular_foramen), and is present at the top of the third ventricle (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Third_ventricle).
There is also choroid plexus on the fourth ventricle (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Fourth_ventricle), on the section closest to the bottom half of the cerebellum (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Cerebellum)

The choroid plexus (CP) consists of many capillaries, separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells. Liquid filters through these cells from blood to become cerebrospinal fluid. There is also much active transport (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Active_transport) of substances into, and out of, the CSF as it is made.
There are four choroid plexus in the brain, one in each of the ventricles. The CP consist of a layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. The CP epithelial layer is continuous with the ependymal cell layer that lines the ventricles, but unlike the ependyma the CP epithelial layer has tight junctions in between the cells on the side facing the ventricle (apical surface). These tight junctions prevent the majority of substances from crossing the cell layer into the CSF; thus the CP acts as a blood-CSF (http://www.al79n.com/wiki/Blood-brain_barrier) barrier. The CP folds into many villi around each capillary, creating frond-like processes that project into the ventricles. The villi, along with a brush border of microvilli, greatly increases the surface area of the CP. CSF is formed as plasma is filtered from the blood through the epithelial cells. CP epithelial cells actively transport sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions into the ventricles and water follows the resulting osmotic gradient.
In addition to CSF production, the CP act as a filtration system, removing ****bolic waste, foreign substances, and excess neurotransmitters from the CSF. In this way the CP have a very important role in helping to maintain the delicate extracellular environment required by the brain to function optimally

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray720.png
</H1>

mohammad qasaimeh
03-30-2010, 04:04 AM
ciliary ganglion

The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons.[1] Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus form synapses with these cells. The postganglionic axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles

Three types of nerve fibers run through the ciliary ganglion: parasympathetic fibers, sympathetic fibers and sensory fibers. Only parasympathetic fibers form synapses in the ganglion. The other two types of nerve fibers simply pass through

mohammad qasaimeh
03-31-2010, 04:32 AM
Paresthesia


Paresthesia: An abnormal sensation of the skin, such as numbness, tingling, pricking, burning, or creeping on the skin that has no objective cause. Paresthesia is the usual American spelling and paraesthesia the preferred English spelling. Pronounced par�es�the�sia. From the Greek para- (abnormal) + esthesis (feeling) = an abnormal feeling

mohammad qasaimeh
04-06-2010, 02:20 AM
Brachial plexus


Brachial plexus: A network of spinal nerves that originates in the back of the neck, extends through the axilla (armpit), and gives rise to nerves to the upper limb. The brachial plexus is formed by the union of portions of the fifth through eighth cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve, all of which come from the spinal cord.
Injuries to the brachial plexus affect the nerves supplying the shoulder, upper arm, forearm and hand, causing numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, limited movement, or even paralysis of the upper limb. Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen during birth. The baby's shoulders may become impacted during the birth process, causing the brachial plexus nerves to stretch or tear.
There are four types of brachial plexus injuries:
Avulsion, the most severe type, in which the nerve is torn from the spine;
Rupture, in which the nerve is torn but not at the spinal attachment;
Neuroma, in which the nerve has tried to heal itself but scar tissue has grown around the injury, putting pressure on the injured nerve and preventing the nerve from conducting signals to the muscles; and
Neurapraxia or stretch, in which the nerve has been damaged but not torn. Neurapraxia is the most common type of brachial plexus injury.

Treatment depends on the site and type of injury to the brachial plexus and may includes occupational and physical therapy and, in some cases, surgery. Certain brachial plexus injuries heal on their own. Children may improve or recover by 3 to 4 months of age. The prognosis similarly depends on the site and type of brachial plexus injury determine the prognosis. For avulsion and rupture injuries there is no potential for recovery unless surgical reconnection is made in a timely manner. For neuroma and neurapraxia injuries the potential for recovery varies. Most patients with neurapraxia injuries recover spontaneously with a 90-100% return of function.


http://sportsandspinemedicine.com/images/brachial_plexus.gif

tariq hassan
11-05-2010, 09:59 PM
مششششكورر:36_1_34: