Intelligent Design - Why its Logical & the Truth.
There's a book by
William Dembski which is called - the
Design Interface. He studies human logic to try to find conclusions as to why people believe in intelligent design, ranging from belief of designs of humans, to designs of God. Why do we believe something is designed by someone and not by chance or nature?
He explains this sequence of Logic thought, and then compares this to natural objects to see whether living beings can really be a work of nature or Intelligent Design.
The logical sequences goes like this;
1] Improbable Object + Recognizable Pattern = Intelligent Design.
So an improbable object, with the addition of a recognized pattern = the design of someone with an intelligence.
He gives the example of the hieroglyphics in Egyptian writing. We did not see the egyptians write them on the walls, however - due to the writing on the walls - with recognized patterns, such as the repetition of certain letters in different words - we can conclude that someone did actually write this - ****d on intelligence - because it makes sense and its improbable that all these letters came together to make up meaningful words.
So his other logical sequence is;
2] Small Probability + Specification = Design.
Since the possibility of these letters and words being written in the correct sequences, and their specificness in the way they are written [to be meaningful] - we come to the conclusion that is ****d on someone with intelligence, who designed it this specific way for a purpose.
Then he gives examples of the Carved faces of the American presidents on a Mountain (Mountain Rushmore) in the USA, these faces are specific, recognizable by everyone who sees them [not just specific people who may imagine them as faces], and its highly improbable that it can happen by chance [since there are no other mountains similar to this design in its detail and specific carvings etc.] Therefore we come to the conclusion that it is carved by someone with an Intelligence.
Then he gives more examples such as writing written by people on a beach which means something meaningful to a passer by reader, who would recognise that it was written by another person before etc.
The 3rd logical sequencing he gives is;
3] See Objective Pattern = Recognise some Intelligence.
This is a summary of the logical sequences we discussed above.
We recognise that there is intelligence which caused this final product to be made due to our objectivity [i.e. we can compare this mountain (Mountain Rushmore) of the USA presidents in comparison to other mountains which have no faces on and just eroded through natural means].
Another example given is how forensic experts can study different scenarios and come to conclusions as to whether an incident was caused by a criminal with intelligence, or if it was an accident - even though they didn't see the crime take place when it occurred, they recognised whether it was due to Intelligent criminal activity, or natural means.
Let's put DNA through the Intelligence test
Now by using the 3 Logical sequences above, let's look at
DNA and see how it fulfills the above conditions to fit into the category of Intelligent Design.
Logic #1] Improbable Object + Recognizable Pattern = Intelligent Design.
So an improbable object (
DNA), with the addition of a recognized pattern [
the makeup of DNA*] =
the design of someone with an intelligence.
There is a recognizable pattern in the formation of DNA, and its structure: *
*Nucleotides (i.e. billions of A,T,C,G, match with their suited nucleoclide to become: **** Pairs [A-T, G-C] (millions of these matching pairs*)] ---> Genes (thousands of these*) --> DNA.
--> = come together to make up... [i.e. **** Pairs --> (combine to make Genes etc.)]
- 2 Nucleotides form a **** Pair
- A specific number of **** pairs form a Gene
- A whole strand of **** pairs with different genes on it form DNA
- DNA is folded, wrapped up with histones to form Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are stored inside the Nucleus.
*(The haploidhuman genome (23 chromosomes) is estimated to be about 3 billion **** pairs long and to contain 20,000-25,000 distinct genes.[1])
[1]International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004). "Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome". Nature 431 (7011): 931–45. doi:10.1038/nature03001. PMID 15496913.[1]
The above flow diagram shows what DNA is made up of.
The most basic foundation of DNA are **** Pairs;
But let's look at the basic foundations of DNA, and that is **** pairs.
In regard to genetic material (i.e. **** pairs) being formed out of natural processes; some might claim that genetic material was formed in chains naturally. However there is a whole bunch of objections to this idea. First of all the basic building blocks, neucleotides/**** pairs don't form spontaneously from the earth. Secondly they don't pair up to form **** pairs correctly just like that either. And finally even if you could explain the previous two steps, it still wouldn't be a linear (straight line) strand, but more probably a chaotic and branched strand, or lots of **** pairs clogged up together [whereas a linear strand is required for it to be useful RNA/DNA for life so that two RNA strands can bind together to form into useful DNA]. Finally, another problem is that they wouldn't form much long strands, and a short chain can only hold a very limited amount of information (even the most basic of bacteria require thousands of **** pairs/nucleotides in a linear strand for their RNA/DNA makeup to be useful for living beings).
Since
the above is a repetition of a pattern which is recognizable (like programming i.e. like binary coding for a software) Our logic tells us that it was organized by someone with an Intelligence who controlled it to fulfill its role.
So we continue to his other logical sequence;
Logic #2] Small Probability + Specification = Design.
Small Probability; We know that
science has been unable to produce DNA through experiments, and scientists are aware of how improbable it would be for it to come into existence through natural means (
no experiments to prove DNA can come into existence by natural means no evidence to prove its reality). For example;
the probability of billions of **** pairs connecting with each other in the correct sequencing, and them forming on to become DNA, The probability of this is actually 4^1million (four to the power of one million). Whereas in mathematics, probabilities smaller than 1 over 10 to the power of 50 [50 zeros after it] are thought of as "zero probability" Even if they were to argue that the chains were much smaller in the earlier days, the probability of this happening are still high (reaching to the mathematical probability of impossibility of such a thing happening.)
Specification; We know that if these **** pairs do not match up together correctly, then there will not be any useful genes for life. So
millions of **** pairs have to connect properly in the right sequencing to become useful genes. These genes will have to be many in number (hundreds or thousands) [so the
nucleotide sequences will have to be in the billions connecting with each other properly], and
these genes will have to form onto become strands of RNA.
Two strands of RNA will have to be equal lengths (with equal amounts of **** pairs)
so they can connect with each other (in a helix/coiled up way) to become DNA. The probability of this (like mentioned) above is 4^1million, because all the **** pairs will have to connect with each other in the correct sequencing [i.e. A (from one RNA strand) will have to connect with T (from the other strand of RNA), G will have to with C etc.] This will have to be done billions of times - so that all the **** pairs can connect with each other, and
the probability of this happening without someone purposelly controlling it is impossible.
Its like tossing a coin one billion times and it always landing on heads, people won't say its chance - but they will say that it was controlled by someone with Intelligence.
Since that - happening by natural causes - is impossible (according to the rules of statistics probability) - there is a plausible explanation, and that is Intelligent Design.
The 3rd logical sequencing he gives is;
Logic #3] See Objective Pattern = Recognise some Intelligence.
Definition ofObjective: undistorted by emotion or personal bias; ****d on observable phenomena; "an objective appraisal"; "objective evidence"
wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/***wn
Today, scientists are aware of how complex DNA really is.
Here's a few statements from objective scientists, some who were atheists before but left atheism and started to believe in Intelligent Design - [because that was the only plausible explanation to understand how amazing DNA really is];
“Biologists’ investigation of DNA has shown, by the almost unbelievable complexity of the arrangements which are needed to produce [life], that intelligence must have been involved.”[1]
Richard N. Ostling, “Lifelong atheist changes mind about divine creator,” The Washington Times 10 December 2004; (http://washingtontimes.com/national/...3212-2782r.htm.
Francis Crick, for instance, one of the scientists who revealed the helix shape of DNA admitted in the face of the findings regarding DNA that the origin of life indicated a miracle:An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have had to have been satisfied to get it going.[4]
****d on his calculations, Led Adleman of the University of Southern California in Los Angeles has stated that one gram of DNA can store as much information as a trillion compact discs [of genetic information].[5]
Gene Myers, a scientist employed on the Human Genome Project, has said the following in the face of the miraculous arrangements he witnessed:
“What really astounds me is the architecture of life… The system is extremely complex. It’s like it was designed… There’s a huge intelligence there.”[6]
The most striking fact about DNA is that the existence of the coded genetic information can definitely not be explained in terms of matter and energy or natural laws. Dr. Werner Gitt, a professor at the German Federal Institute of Physics and Technology, has said this on the subject
A code system is always the result of a mental process… It should be emphasized that matter as such is unable to generate any code. All experiences indicate that a thinking being voluntarily exercising his own free will, cognition, and creativity, is required… There is no known natural law through which matter can give rise to information, neither is any physical process or material phenomenon known that can do this.[7]
more:
http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/265/#_ftnref12874
So this final statement by Dr. Werner Gitt is saying that there's no process in science which indicates or explains that something without a mind can form itself in a way to actually produce information in such detail [like the DNA].
[4] Francis Crick, Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981, p. 88
[5] John Whitfield, “Physicists plunder life’s tool chest”, 24 April 2003; (http://www.nature.com/nsu/030421/030421-6.html)
[6] San Francisco Chronicle, 19 February, 2001
[7] Werner Gitt, In the Beginning Was Information, CLV, Bielenfeld, Germany, pp. 64-7, 79
And the owner of Microsoft said;
DNA is like a computer program but far, far more advanced than any software we've ever created. - Bill Gates
So we see that many intelligent scientists who are objective, who were infact atheists before realise how complex DNA really is and explain that Intelligent design can be the only plausible explanation as to how it came into existence. They even compare DNA to software and hardware which humans [who have intelligence] themselves make. So what then, about DNA which is even more detailed, and contains more genetic information
(i.e. it contains all your bodies attributes like hair colour, eye colour, your testosterone/oestrogen levels, thousands of pages of information of who you are and how your body works etc.) than them softwares and hardwares which they program?
A Final Word
Finally, Even if scientists were able to produce the likes of the DNA (although this seems extremely far off), this would again be Intelligent Design and would not prove that it can come into existence by natural means. Since the production of DNA by scientists would be through controlled experiments by them, whereas nature in of itself is not controlled by Intelligence [according to atheists.]
If someone said that you are relying on 'the god of the gaps', i would say that this isn't 'god of the gaps' - since nothing is preventing us from studying this further. However, due to the detailed specifications and co-ordination of such works and processes, I believe there is no other alternative except Intelligent Design.
It all started because Darwin (died in 1882CE) thought a cell was just a blob which could come into existence by nature, he never knew how complicated cells really were until we were able to use the Electronic Microscope (for the first time in the 1950s) to see the details within the cell. This breakthrough is what amazed many atheist scientists, and made them realise that there was no other logical explanation except Intelligent Design.
We simply know that the the attributes atheists give to nature are usually some form of attribute of Allah. I.e. Allah is
al Faatir [the Originator],
Al Khaaliq [the Creator], He is
Al Mussawir [the Shaper], Al Muhaymin [the give of life],
Al Razzaaq [the Provider] and Al Mumeet [the causer of death] etc.
The only exception is that they have to depend on not knowing why nature does its job well in a controlled manner and why the universe actually formed into this control and order from the start of time (through gradual processes through Allah's wisdom), whereas we rest our faith ****d on logic and understanding - which is more logical and plausible in understanding the amazing universe around us. We might not have been present when the creation took place, but we understand that all this is ****d on Intelligent work, and the attributes of control, design
(like forensic experts understand), this Intelligence is the Knowledge, Wisdom and Power of Allah.
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